The Advantages Of Primary Health Care

The Advantages Of Primary Health Care Primary health care is a vital function of an society acting as backbone. India was one of the first countries to recognize the advantages of Primary Health Care (PHC). PHC was conceptualized in 1946 when Sir Joseph Bhore committee made recommendations that formed the foundation stone for health service in India. Recommendations:- Integration of preventive and curative services at all administrative levels. Short term Primary Health Centers for every 40,000 population. Long Term- Primary Health Centers per 10,000-20,000 population to have 75 beds. Formation of Village health committee Provision of Social Doctor Three months training in preventive and social medicine to prepare social physicians. First Five Year plan (1951-1955) Community Development Program launched, 1952 keeping in eye 80% population lived in rural areas. Each Community Development Block (CDB) formation approximately 100 villages with a total population of one lakh. For one CDB, one Primary Health Centre was created. Second Five Year plan (1956-61) Health Survey and Planning Committee, The Mudaliar Committee, had to review the progress made in the health sector after submission of Bhore committee report. The major recommendation:- To limit the population served by primary health centres to 40,000 Improvement in the quality of health care provided by these centers. Provision of one basic health worker per 10,000 populations was recommended. The Jungalwalla Committee 1967 Highlighted importance of integration of health services. Integrated health services were defined as a service with a unified approach for all problems instead of a segmented approach for all different problems. The committee recommended integration from the highest to lowest level in the services, organization and personnel. The Kartar Singh Committee on Multipurpose workers 1973 Laid down the norms about health workers ensuring proper coverage one primary health centre to be established for every 50,000 population Each primary health centre to be divided into 16 sub-centres each for a population of 3,000 to 3,500. Each sub-centre to be staffed by a team of one male and one female health worker. The work of 3-4 health workers to be supervised by one health assistant. Major Goals to be acheived by National health Policy 2002 Eradicate Polio and Yaws Eliminate Leprosy Eliminate Kala Azar Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis Achieve zero level growth of HIV/AIDS Reduce mortality by 50% on account of TB, Malaria, other vector and water borne diseases Reduce prevalence of blindness to 0.5% Reduce IMR 30/1000 and MMR 100/lakh Increase utilization of public health facilities from 75% Establish an integrated system of surveillance, national health accounts and health statistics Increase health expenditure by Govt. as a % of GDP from existing 0.9% to 2% Increase share of central grants to constitute at least 25% of total health spending Legal Framework Insurance act, 1938 came into effect from 1st july 1939 (Amended in 1950, 1999). Contains provision regarding licensing of agents and their remunerations, prohibition of rebates and protection of policy holders interest. IRDA Act 1999, IRDA responsible for the administration of the insurance act. Power to register insurance companies. Monitor and certify terms of business. Inspect documents of insurers Adjudicating disputes between insurers and intermediaries. Decide on dipute related to settlement of claim. Life Insurance Corporation Act, 1956 for LIC only which was later on ceased on amendment of Insurance act 1999. Consumer protection Act 1986 (COPA) ensures that consumers of policies can approach any of the listed organization in the act for redress in case he is not satisfied with the goods or services provided. Income Tax Act : The premium paid is deducted under Section 80 D of the ITA. MRTP Act 1969 (Monopoly and restrictive trade Practices act) Controls concentration of economic power in one hand Restricts monopoly in the market Employees State insurance act, 1948 Treatment rcvd benefits Benefits not received Eligibility Central Government health Scheme (CGHS) addresses consumer complaints. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 addresses all complaints and demand for compensation. Indian Contract Act 1872 for Breach of contract Deficiency in services Damages Dispute of facts Negligence Drugs control act (1950) and Indian Medical council act (1956) Literature Review Health Policy Challenges of India: private health Insurance lessons from the International Experience by Ajay Mahal The research concentrates on Regular development of Health Services in India and persisting challenges which are growing at the same pace. The are of study concentrates on United states, united Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, Germany, Israel. The research focuses on the health care system in Canada and appreciates the control methods used for services. The research findings are highlighted as: Patient satisfaction and Quality of care How to reconcile the need for choice among providers with cost containment. Reconciliation of consumer choice with equity. The study concentrates on the cost factor in the consumers mind and how the governments of these countries are trying to achieve the balance. Too much specialties and more supply of doctors may increase the cost of care. While conducting the study it was not taken into account that Health services have a long term impact. The study considers the short term impact which is seen by the consumer and drives him to the product. Health Insurance in India Prognosis and prospectus by Randall P Ellis, Moneer Alam, Indrani Gupta. Corroborating evidence that the system is disproportionately private is the estimate that 80 per cent of all registered allopathic physicians are private [Uplekar and George 1994, p 10]. An even higher estimate for the private sector appears in a report of the Planning Commissions Working Group on Health Management and Financing which estimated that household expenditures on treatment may be as much as 8.4 per cent of GDP versus public spending of only 1.1 per cent of GDP (Planning commission report 1996) In recent years nominal user fees have been charged at government facilities in Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Punjab and Karnataka. These fees remain low in comparison to both private fees and the unofficial payments which are still made at most public facilities in these states and in other parts of the country. Nonetheless, these efforts at cost recovery remain in important initiative for improving incentives, decentralizing some spending authority and augmenting resources at public health facilities. The life insurance companies in India have relied on actuarial methods and life tables for fixing premia. The employment of rigorous procedures for the fixation of premia was not possible owing to paucity of the epidemiological data cross-classified by region and major socioeconomic class. The GIC and its subsidiaries do not have the option of estimating probabilities associated with the vulnerability of individuals to various diseases. Hence, they have relied mainly on simplified procedures based on the information available to them from the policy documents and the claims register. Recently, however, the GIC introduced a differential system for setting premia for its Mediclaim policies which adjusts for health expenditure differences as between five age groups. Information has also been collected for differences in claims rates by age, sex, rural/urban, habitat, occupation, and income groups. The age dimension, however, remains the only criterion being used by the GIC for adjusting premia. Inter Regional Inequality Facility Health Insurance for the poor, India by Rajeev Ahuja, Senior Fellow Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER) The series of Policy Briefs summarizes the experiences of Government initiatives aimed at addressing inequality in Africa, Asia and Latin America. The study concentrates on some of the initiatives and suggests some key learning for success of health insurance for individuals and families on low- incomes. Provision of healthcare services of a reasonable quality; Possibility of resource mobilization from the targeted population in order to recover costs. Presence of intermediary agency to overcome the informational disadvantages and high transaction costs involved in providing insurance to low-income groups. A Healthier future for India by Rajat Gupta (The McKinsey Quarterly, Jan 2008) The report speaks about acting on three fronts: A series of policy reforms needed to provide subsidized health insurance for the country citizens. Innovation in products. Today most of them offer only limited services. Regulatory environment which recognizes health insurance as separate business and not part of the insurance industry. It is essential for the growth of the sector. Health Insurance in India by K. Sujatha Rao Secretary, National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, GOI. The present system of financing and payment systems raise several important concerns on the suitability of the structure to meet current day problems and future challenges. The large size of out of pocket expenditures provides an opportunity to pool these resources and facilitate spreading risk from households to government and employers on a shared basis which will be a more equitable financial arrangement. The dimension of equity is of particular concern as the inelasticitys of demand for acute care, are resulting in over 33 lakh persons being pushed below poverty line, every year. In short the social benefits of instituting social insurance as a financial instrument to replace user fees, outweighs the possible risks of moral hazard and increased costs, typical outcomes of prepaid insurance. How to minimize these two market failures are of concern and need to be addressed by developing a well thought out strategy taking international evidence into account so we build on existing kn owledge and learn from others experiences. It is argued that it is not advisable for governments to intervene in health insurance markets in a piecemeal manner-insurance for pensioners by the Department of Personnel; for weavers by the Department of Textiles, for fishermen by the Department of Agriculture, for farmers by the Department of Cooperatives, poor women by the Department of Rural Development etc., as such attempts fragment risk pools. In other words, resorting to insurance as a financing instrument must be an act of a deliberate strategy that addresses the market failures in order to ensure that inequities do not widen and the poor are not marginalized two typical outcomes of private, fragmented insurance systems In conclusion it is reiterated that given the fiscal constraints for government to provide universal access to free health care, insurance can be an important means of mobilizing resources, providing risk protection and achieving improved health outcomes. The crit ical need is to experiment with the wide range of financing instruments available in different scenarios and have adequate flexibility in the design features, the structures and processes, institutional mechanisms and regulatory frameworks, so that a viable balance can be achieved for minimizing market distortions so that the outcomes do not make the cure worse than the disease (Enthoven 1983, 1993). Unregulated markets are inefficient and inequitable, requiring governments to intervene to ensure no segmentation in the system (Bloom, 2001). For this, the burden of building partnerships and managing change is on the government, which in turn needs to base its strategy on sound research. Community Health Insurance in India- An overview by N Devadasan, Kent Ranson, Wim Van Damme, Bart Criel The objectives range from providing low cost health care to protecting the households from high hospitalisation costs. BAIF, DHAN, Navsarjan Trust and RAHA explicitly state that the health in surance scheme was developed to prevent the individual member from bearing the financial burden of hospitalisation. Healthinsurance was also seen by some organisations as a method of encouraging participation by the community in their own healthcare. And finally, especially the more activist organizations (ACCORD, RAHA) used community health insurance as a measure to increase solidarity among its members one for all and all for one. Health Care in India Emerging market report, 2007 (PWC) A growing healthcare sector Healthcare is one of Indias largest sectors, in terms of revenue and employment, and the sector is expanding rapidly. During the 1990s, Indian healthcare grew at a compound annual rate of 16%. Today the total value of the sector is more than $34 billion. This translates to $34 per capita or roughly 6% of GDP. By 2012, Indias healthcare sector is projected to grow to nearly $40 billion. The private sector accounts for more than 80% of total healthcare spending in India. Unless there is a decline in the combined federal and state government deficit, which currently stands at roughly 9%, the opportunity for significantly higher public health spending will be limited. One driver of growth in the healthcare sector is Indias booming population, currently 1.1 billion and increasing at a 2% annual rate. By 2030, India is expected to surpass China as the worlds most populous nation. By 2050, the population is projected to reach 1.6 billion. Government Health Expenditure of India: A benchmark study by Economic Research foundation, 2006 Health expenditure in India is dominated by Private spending. The study covers Pattern of health expenditure in India. House holds- 68.8 % External funding 14.4% Central Government 7.2% Firms 5.1% Others 4.7% Source: National Health account for India, 2001-2002 Absolute levels of total government spending on health, family welfare and child development are absurdly low by international standards, not only in per capita terms but also as share of GDP. Government spending on health amounts to less than 1 per cent of GDP. This has meant that a disproportionately large and growing share of the burden of health care has been borne by households in India, such that they account for an increasing share of total expenditure (nearly three-quarters in the most recent year for which data are available). Unlike many other countries, this is completely in the form of Out-of-pocket expenses, which are inherently regressive. Also, the share of household consumption expenditure devoted to health care has also been increasing over time, especially in rural areas where it now accounts for nearly 7 per cent of the household budget on average. Origin and Evolution of Primary Health care in India The study is about history of Health insurance in India Post-Independence. The paper starts with the Bhore committee report and follows on with major findings and suggestions of all the reports. The report also places some light on National Rural Health mission and its strategies. FICCI Health Insurance Report 2010 The report covers areas:- Promoting Quality Healthcare through Health Insurance Suggested standard format for provider bills Suggested discharge summary contents TPA/Insurer contract and concept on standardization of TPA hospital contract The report covers US healthcare industry and lay guideline for development of Indian healthcare industry on same patterns. Rise of health insurance in India Whats driving your revolution, Health conference, International Finance Corporation, April 20th 2007. The report covers the areas of healthcare financing in the country. It differentiates the growth factors and gives a 35% growth figure for last 5 years from the report date. It gives the 75-25 ratio of private and public health services. Research Objective To find out various factors influencing buying behavior towards health insurance product. To measure the relative weight age. To find out mutual correlation between factors and purchase decision by the consumers. Major Hypothesis H0 = Word of mouth is not the most effective advertisement for sale of health insurance products. H = Word of mouth is the most effective advertisement for sale of health insurance products. Research Methodology Descriptive method is used as research design. The research included Survey method as data collection tool. Sample Design:- 1. Target population Delhi working population in IT sector. Lower middle class Rural people who are employed as daily wages labour 2. Sample Size: 70 3. Sample Selection Simple random sampling The target population has been intentionally selected with a view to get data from a mix population. It will help in identifying the behavior of people from different economic class. Data Collection Secondary data source: Government bodies (National Health care report, Rural Health Policies, Budgetary provisions, UID program, etc) Private research bodies (McKenzie report on health insurance in India, PWC report, FICCI health insurance group report) Research paper published and presented in international seminars, journals and conferences. Primary data collection was done through filling up of questionnaire. Analysis tools used: SPSS and Excel DATA ANALYSIS No of respondents 70 and their distribution on the basis of yearly earnings. From the readings we have following findings: No. of Respondents in salary range less than 1lakh is of those people who are labours, daily wages workers, hawkers etc. No. of Respondents in salary range less than 2lakhs is of those people who are freshers, some old people who are working as Guards. No. of Respondents in salary range less than 3lakhs is of those people who are in IT enabled services and small time freelancers. No. of Respondents in salary range less than 4lakhs is of those people who are in IT field, BPO. No. of Respondents in salary range less than 5lakhs is of those people who are in IT field and Government employees. No. of Respondents in salary range less than 9lakhs but more than 5lakhs is of those people who are in IT field, Government service, Self employed. Do you have an Insurance Policy? The question was asked for General insurance policy and not specific to Health insurance only. The finding suggested that out of 70 respondents 55(79%) have insurance policy, 15 (21%) do not have insurance policy. Market Share of the organizations providing coverage on the basis of Respondents. The result is based on insurance policy owned by the respondents. Out of 70 respondents LIC has a share of 45%. ICICI Prudential Lombard has a share of 13% Kotak life has share of 6% followed by Max New York Life HDFC at 4% each. TATA AIG has a share of 3% Birla Sun Life has 2 %. Bajaj Allianz has 1%. 21% of the respondents do not have an insurance policy. Reason for buying Insurance Policy. The result is based on insurance policy and not health insurance policy in specific. The respondents were asked for the reason for buying policy when the bought it first time. Out of 70 respondents Tax saving 43% Security 23% Investment 10% Other 3% Do not have an insurance policy as they do not feel the need for an insurance policy 21 %. Which type of Policy do you have? The question was asked with the purpose to find the share of health insurance policy out of total insurance policy. The data is based on survey of 70 respondents. Traditional policy owners have 49%. ULIP policy owners 19% Health Insurance Pension plan at 4% Others 3% 21% of the respondents did not have an insurance policy. How did you come to know about the policy? The Question was asked in order to find out if word of mouth (Office/Family/Referrals) has a major share in insurance policy sales. The data is based on survey of 70 respondents. 21% of the respondents were influenced by Advertisement (Newspaper, Magazines, Internet, and Hoardings). 40% of the respondents were influenced by the Insurance Advisor. Family, friends, referrals have 12%. 6 % of the respondents were influenced by Kiosk, Directly from insurance office, direct calling, and Website sales. 4% of the respondents have other reasons. 21% of the respondents do not have insurance so they did not participate in the question. Factors influencing the purchase decision of the policy. The question was asked for the first insurance policy owned. The data is based on survey of 70 respondents. 33% of the respondents opted insurance for Savings(Tax Benefit) 17% of the respondents were influenced by advisors. 13% of the respondents have faith in there family, friend, relatives, colleagues. 6% of the respondents were influenced by advertisements. 9% of the respondents have taken policy as an investment option for long time. 21% of the respondents do not have an insurance policy. Do you have health benefit policy? The question was asked because if people do not have health insurance policy then what other options they have if any. The findings had a clear difference from the previous question findings which suggested only three respondents had health insurance policy. Out of 70 respondents 63% of the respondents said they have other form of health coverage. 37 % of the respondents did not have health insurance coverage. Name of the Source providing medical facilities. The Question was asked to find, what these other sources are. Out of 70 respondents surveyed 37% of the respondents have medical coverage from there office. 7% of the respondents are availing medical care and facilities through NGOs working in the area. 4% of the respondents use the charitable hospital or medicine shops(trust owned) to get the medical facilities. 19% of the respondents have others which is Government health insurance schemes at state level and Central level. 33% of the respondents did not had health insurance. If you buy a Second policy what are the factors which will influence your purchase decision. The question was asked to only 55 respondents and the data represents the same. 31 % of the respondents said they will look for new policy. 25% of the respondents said they will look for better services from there insurance provider. 9% of the respondents said that they would like to fill the gap left by there current policy. 15% of the respondents will depend on the inputs from there friends, relatives, colleagues, etc. Others have 20% of the share with different views. Technical factors responsible for effecting purchase decision The Question was asked to find out factors related to policy which influence buyers decision. Out of 70 respondents 48% of the respondents will look for Benefits from the Policy cover. 30% of the respondents will look for returns as they think it as safe investment. 20% of the respondents will look for the premium as per their pocket size. 2% of the respondents have other reasons.

Polymers

It is possible to modify the properties of many polymers by 3 generating crosslink such as these. You will experiment with crosslink the polymer in Elm's glue. A number of different processes are used to turn synthetic and natural polymers into useful objects. These include molding, extrusion, foaming and casting. In this experiment, you will use the technique of extrusion-blow molding in which a tube of polymer is blown up while in the molten state inside of a hollow mold. Almost all Throughout the experiment, you will test the various properties of the polymers that you synthesize and modify.Some polymers have exceptional properties and capabilities that can make them extremely useful to us. You will observe the property of one such polymer, sodium polymerase (the sodium salt of polysaccharide). CHI An NH O NH This polymer can absorb up to 800 times its own weight of water. The ionic portion of the macromolecule is directed toward the center of the structure. When water is added to dry sodium polymerase, the water molecules are drawn into the center of the polymer in an attempt to dilute the salt, and the polymer expands.It is very important that you record careful observations throughout the experiment. You will be asked to describe the appearances and properties of the various polymers in your lab report. 4 Procedure Record detailed observations throughout the experiment. Polymer synthesis Addition polymer?polystyrene Place 20 drops of styrene into a disposable 13 x 100 mm test tube (provided by your TA). Caution! Styrene is a flammable liquid! Keep styrene away from all Bunsen burner flames. It is also a suspected carcinogen. Wear gloves!Using a wooden or plastic utensil, add a few grains of defensibly peroxide and shake the tube to mix. Caution! Defensibly peroxide is explosive when heated. Use only a few grains! Label the test tube with your name, and place it in a sand bath that has been set up by your instructor. Allow the solution to heat for 90 minut es. You may proceed with the rest of the experiment as it heats. When the material in the test tube has turned slightly yellow, remove the test tube from the sand bath and cool it on ice. Try to shake the polymer out of the test tube.If it has not separated from the glass sufficiently to do this, you may wrap the test tube in a cloth towel and carefully break it so that the polymer can be removed. Wear gloves when doing this! Describe the appearance and properties of your polymer. Test the solubility of the polymer by grinding a few chunks in a mortar and pestle and placing the powder in two test tubes. Add water to one of the test tubes and acetone to the other test tube. Record your observations. Dispose of the acetone mixture in the appropriate Laboratory Byproducts Jar. Discard the polystyrene in the appropriate Laboratory Byproducts Jar.Condensation Polymer?Glottal Resin The following procedure must be carried out in a fume hood! Obtain a paper cup. Place 5 Goff ophthalmic anhy dride and 0. 25 g of sodium acetate in a disposable 18 x 150 mm test tube (provided by your TA). Add 2 ml of glycerol. Using our test tube clamp, carefully heat the mixture over a Bunsen burner flame (see TECH I. D). Heat the top of the contents first and work toward the bottom as the mixture melts. Move the test tube in and out of the flame as you do this. Note when the mixture begins to boil and then continue to heat for 3 to 4 minutes.The solution Pour the solution into the paper cup. Allow the solution to thoroughly cool, then tear off the cup to recover your polymer. Dispose of the test tube in glass waste. Describe the appearance and properties of your polymer. Test the solubility of the polymer as you did for polystyrene. 5 Modification of polymers Experiment on crosslink with Glue It is recommended that gloves not be worn when working with Elm's glue. It is easier to remove glue residue from your skin than from the gloves. Obtain a plastic cup and pour 15 ml of Elm's white g lue into it.Add 15 ml of water and stir well. Next, add 10 ml of saturated borax solution (sodium borate, Nabbing) and stir well. Remove the solid material and pull it off the stirrer. The material will be sticky for about one or two minutes. Pour any excess liquid left in the cup into the appropriate Laboratory Byproducts Jar. Rinse the cup with warm water. Perform another crosslink experiment using 1 5 L of glue and different amounts of water and borax (from 5 to 15 ml of borax and from O to 30 ml of water). Compare the properties of the two polymers (strength, bounce, stretchiness, etc. ).Observe the properties of at least two other students' polymers who used different amounts of water and borax in their second preparation. Record these observations. Polymer fabrication Polyethylene bottle Heat one end of a 10-15 CM piece of polyethylene tubing in a Bunsen burner flame. When the polymer is in the molten state, crimp the end with crucible tongs to seal it off?allow it to cool som ewhat before opening the tongs. Re-heat the tubing at the loosed end by passing it in and out of the flame until 1-2 inches of the tubing is in the molten state (looks transparent instead of opaque).Place the molten tubing into a small wide-mouth Jar or vial. Blow air into the open end of the tube so that it expands within the Jar. Let the expanded tubing cool in the Jar for about 2 minutes. Because the polymer is flexible, you should now be able to easily remove it from the â€Å"mold†. Show your polyethylene bottle to your TA. Polymer properties Supersaturates Weigh 1 Goff sodium polymerase and place it in a 150 ml beaker. Add 50 ml of water to the beaker from a graduated cylinder. Record your observations. Add another 50 ml of water to the beaker. Record your observations.

Persuasive Essay On Cigarettes - 894 Words

Cigarettes should be classified as a dangerous drug Smoking Cigarettes is very common for us teens and adults, it is something dangerous that you can do to your own health. People think that Cigarettes should be banned in the United States. The reason why is because it can destroy your health and it can also lead you to death. Over 1000 deaths each year because of Cigarettes. Cigarettes can also harm the environment, Why? Because air pollution. The sky would be unclean and polluted from all the smokes and it would impact people and kids. Cigarettes affect health by if a person smoke 1 Cigarette a day it does major effect to the person lung’s. Just imagine smoking a whole box a day. You’re just destroying your lung faster than ever. The†¦show more content†¦There are some times where Cigarettes are actually good but good or not, it still going to affect you somehow. We get about 400,000 deaths per year, 5 annually, or 1,300 everyday. A person who smokes dies 10 years earlier than a nonsmoker. 5.6 million children die from smoking. That equals 1 child out of 13 alive in the United States today. Smoking affect the heart and vessels by Atherosclerosis, which is a disease in which a waxy substance called plaque which builds up in your arteries. Aneurysms, which are bulging blood vessels that can burst and cause death. Breathing tobacco smoke can change your blood chemistry and damage your blood vessels. When you inhale smoke, cells that line your body’s blood vessels react to its chemicals. Your heart rate and blood pressure go up and blood vessels thicken and narrow. Cigarettes affect your lungs and breathing by causing a disease which is called â€Å"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease† which is a disease that can get worse over time and cause shortness of breath, and makes your chest to tighten up. Emphysema which is a condition in which the walls between the air sacs in your lungs loses their ability to shrink back. Your lung tissue gets destroyed making it difficult or impossible to breathe. Smoking can also affect your vision because researchers had linked smoking to an increased risk of developing ageShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Cigarettes844 Words   |  4 PagesCigarettes have been around since the late 1800’s. Over that time, they have been perceived as t his trend setting drug that will make you super cool. Their advertisements convince the buyers that they would make you more appealing to the other sex, more interesting, and a better person if you would start smoking, and that for the most part has kept up to this day. However, thankfully to awareness advertisements we have become more informed on how dangerous cigarettes really are. We now know whatRead MoreSmoking Cigarettes Persuasive Essay1032 Words   |  5 Pagesyears now, cigarettes have been used by a variety of people. The majority of people who smoke cigarettes know of the consequences that come with smoking; they are aware of the potential danger they are causing to themselves and the people around them. As the government, you may encounter economic benefits when people buy cigarette packs; however, these economic advantages get outweighed by the disadvantages that also come included. I believe that as the government, you should ban cigarettes in theRead More A Critique of Thank You for Smoking? Essay1171 Words   |  5 PagesA Critique of â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦.?† Peter Brimelow’s article â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦.?† is an essay that looks at a rather extreme perspective on smoking. Brimelow starts off by describing the many actions that are taken against the tobacco industry; he writes that in some states, the government is trying to make the tobacco industry pay certain health care costs. However, he then goes on to state that smoking may actually be good for one’s health. He uses various sources to show thatRead MoreSmoking Is Bad For Your Health749 Words   |  3 PagesSmoking is bad for your health Thesis Statement: Not only is smoking cigarettes bad for the person both short and long term but those around are affected by the secondhand smoke. Summary: With over 300 million smokers around the globe it begs the question how is their choice to smoke cigarettes affecting not only themselves in the short run but also overall. Short term effects include frequent cough, colds, bronchitis, as well as pneumonia. The long-term effects are much grimmer than the short termRead MoreProper Precedent Under International Law1679 Words   |  7 Pagesprecedent, the United States - COOL Requirements holding is proper under the similar Clove Cigarettes dispute. Part II of this essay offers background information about GATT, the WTO and the TBT agreement. Part III provides information and facts about the Clove Cigarettes dispute. Part IV provides information and facts about the COOL Requirements dispute. These facts are then analyzed in part V and the essay is concluded in part VI. II. GATT, WTO, AND THE TBT AGREEMENT The General Agreement on TariffsRead MoreApplying Plain Packaging On Cigarette Cases Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagesimplementing plain packaging on cigarette cases, the lobbyist involved uses certain facts to shed light on the seemingly hidden implications of the plain packaging policy. The main concern of the lobbyist and the advantage point lies within how uninformed the general populous is. The lobbyist essentially claims that the plain packaging policy has no proof of being an effective method of diminishing the number of smokers. Though the lobbyist asserts that it is invalid, this research essay will introduce compellingRead MoreIs There A War On Drugs?949 Words   |  4 PagesSom Altena Ms. Van dyke Sun Nov, 30 Persuasive essay Is this really a war on drugs? Is this really a war on drugs? Many people believe that cannabis became illegal because of scientific and medical and governmental examinations that prove that this substance is dangerous. Cannabis became illegal because of racism in the 1900s. People tied this drug to African Americans and Hispanics. They said that this substance made people have violent attributes. There also was a man named Harry J. Anslinger;Read MoreMarketing Of Beauty : Winter 2016 Research Paper1285 Words   |  6 Pageson purchases are based on those advertisements. So, it’s safe to assume that we are hugely affected by media advertisements. Is it aesthetic perspective that move us to purchase a product or commercial perspective that encourages us to buy? In this essay, it will discuss history of advertising, how advertising is constructed and how it affects people on individual level and as a society. In order to analyze the purpose of advertising, we need to look at where advertising originated from. In the historyRead MoreFast Food1145 Words   |  5 PagesRamandeep Singh Mrs. Vinson October 23, 2012 English 1001 Essay 2 Draft 3 Fast food Obesity is an epidemic that is sweeping over the United States today. It’s affecting both adults and children. With the increase in fast food availability and a decrease in the time most Americans have to prepare nutritious meals at home, it’s obvious why more people are eating at fast food restaurants. Obesity is a growing problem in the United States and more and more children are being affected. But do uneducatedRead MorePersuasive Essay795 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ bcom/215 Persuasive Essay At least 11% of women smoke during pregnancy. Many of these women smoke without knowing the significant negative effects smoking has on their babies before, during, and after the pregnancy. When a woman smokes during pregnancy, she exposes her baby to dangerous chemicals such as tar, carbon monoxide, nicotine, and other poisonous chemicals that travels through the bloodstream and goes directly to the baby. Nicotine restricts the oxygen

Essay about 12 Angry Men Literary Analysis - 841 Words

Don’t Believe Everything You Hear 12 Angry Men by Reginald Rose is a twisting story where a son is accussed of stabbing his father to death. Twelve strangers are told to listen to this court case and are then stuck in a small, hot room where they are told to decide on a verdict, whether or not the kid lives or dies. The jury finally decides on the verdict of : Not Guilty. Three major facts that influence the juries agreement that the accussed is not guilty include doubts of the murder weapon, doubts of the old man’s testimony, and doubts of the lady across the street’s testimony. The first major fact that influences the juries agreement that the accussed is not guilty is the doubts of a key piece of evidence; the murder weapon, a switch†¦show more content†¦This is very significant in swaying the jurors vote to not guilty because with the old man having had a stroke and using two canes, the jurors prove that the old man lied about how long it took for him to get to the door. This situation persuades the jurors decision even more because now they know that the old man lied and just assumed he saw the accussed young man, but could have been anyone. The last major fact that influences the juries agreement that the accused is not guilty are doubts of another witness’s testimony; the lady across the street who supposedly saw the accused young man stab his father. The jurors started talking about needing glasses to read the clock when Juror 8 realizes that the lady used very strong glasses and it is not possible that she could have had time to put them on and see the young man clearly stab his father. Juror 8 says, She testified that the murder took place the instant she looked out and that the lights went off a split second later. She couldn’t have had time to put on her glasses then. Now perhaps this woman honestly thought thought she saw the boy kill his father. I say she only saw a blur (587). This is very significant in swaying the jurors vote even more because with the lady seeing the murder right when she looks out the window while in bed, she likely does not wear her glasses to bed. And this persuades the jurors even more because now they know thatShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Ray Bradburys Work Essay example1626 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of Ray Bradbury’s Work Ray Bradbury does an excellent job of making his literature both interesting and fascinating to read. This makes him a great American author. He wrote a novel, The Illustrated Man, which is filled with details about futuristic events. An effect on the outcome of the way this piece of literature was the time it was written. The time period was revealed through the use of characterization, and setting. Throughout the novel, Bradbury uses the literary elements simileRead MoreRichard Wrights Assessment for the Negro Writers Essay1373 Words   |  6 PagesRichard Wrights Assessment for the Negro Writers Introduction Richard Wright’s plead in the Blueprint for Negro Writing could be very well summarized in one of the famous words from Thomas Kempis, â€Å"Be not angry that you cannot make others as you wish them to be, since you cannot make yourself as you wish to be.† In this popular essay, Richard Wright denounced the Negro writers as he perceived them to be merely begging for the sympathy of the bourgeoisie instead of striving to present a lifeRead MoreYellow Wallpaper1673 Words   |  7 PagesSvetlana Kryzhanovskaya Prof. Grajeda ENC 3014-MidTerm Paper March 12, 2012 Structuralism amp; Feminist Theory ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ written by Charlotte Gilman can be affectively analyzed from two schools of thought structuralism and feminist theory. Though structuralists’ deny the work of literature any connection to its author (it must be what it is, no underlying meaning) feminist theory must first and foremost be understood in its historical framework. By the turn of the century,Read MoreGirls And War : A Two Film Analysis1436 Words   |  6 PagesGirls and War: A Two-Film Analysis ‘Speculative fiction encompasses that which we could actually do. Sci-fi is that which we re probably not going to see.’ (Margaret Atwood) Speculative fiction and Sci-fi are often seen in the same light, although contrasting by a large margin. Speculative fiction is an extensive literary genre, imagining utopian, dystopian, futuristic, and post-apocalyptic fiction to create stories for many different age groups. Normally, the author explores, or speculates,Read MoreFullers Leila2374 Words   |  10 Pagespremised upon an ideological attempt to wed the practice of history and literary criticism. In this type of textual analysis, the literary work is juxtaposed with historical events (characteristic of the time period in which the work was produced) in an effort to understand the implications within the text. This line of inquiry serves to recover a historical consciousness which may be utilized in the rendering of literary theory. Poems and novels came to be seen in isol ation, as urnlike objectsRead MoreWild Geese By Mary Oliver1581 Words   |  7 PagesOwen is a painful poem referencing the injustices of losing young men at war. Owen talks of the men dying in groups like cattle on the battlefield. All they hear as they lay dying is the sound of gunfire and war. They are not surrounded by family as they should be, only other men fighting and dying with their quick glances and prayers for the dead as they get back to fighting. This poem shows not only the pain and suffering of those men at war, the dead and the alive, but also the pain and sufferingRead MoreHoratian and Juvenalian Satire1884 Words   |  8 PagesHoratian and Juvenalian Satire Satire has many definitions, but according to Merriam Webster satire can be defined as â€Å"A literary work holding up human vices and follies to ridicule or scorn† (Webster). This definition is likely used by many authors who exercise the application of satire. Satire has been in literature since ancient times; it is derived from the Latin satura, meaning dish of mixed fruits, (Weisgerber). Many satirists have shared a common aim: to expose foolishness in all its guisesRead MoreMens Rea The Writing Style and Feminism of Lakambini Sitoy7010 Words   |  29 Pages MENS REA: THE WRITING STYLE AND FEMINISM OF LAKAMBINI SITOY A Thesis Design presented to Dr. Lito Diones, Ed. D. Of the Graduate School of Literature, Communication, and Other Languages School of Arts and Sciences Cebu Normal University In Partial Fulfillment of Lit 4007 Masterpieces of Filipino Writers Farina Dianne C. Abella October 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iiiRead MoreThe Color Purple By Alice Walker1445 Words   |  6 PagesShug represents everything Celie wishes to be. Celie is a submissive woman with a strong hate for men. Her mother dies with her last words being insults left to ring in her ears forever. Walker writes, â€Å" My mama dead. She die screaming and cussing. She scream at me.† (2). On top of everything else Celie already endures, she now knows that her own mother disliked her to extent that she would die angry. Celie’s younger sister Nettie is intelligent, and while everyone is fond of her, Celie is pushedRead MoreA Patriarchal Culture Exegesis Of Ezra 9 : 1-153961 Words   |  16 Pagesturning the people back to God. However, I will argue that Ezra uses marriage to foreign women as a trope to explain how the returned exiles from Babylon are the true Israel and not the people in the land who weren t taken captive. Historical and Literary Contexts This perciope includes Ezra’s prayer and thought about interethnic marriage. Ezra and others had arrived from Babylon to find that many of the exiles had marry women who were foreign. Many of these exiles from Babylon